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What about just after the unfair coin sequence toggling every even position?

HTHHTHHTTHHH

HHHTTTHHTTHT

Should be fair. Though there is order now when the coin was unfair.



Fair, but only over time, and not truly random.

Only over time: this doesn’t help if you need _one_ fair flip.

Not random: for any 2 flips in sequence, you want a probability of ¼ to get two heads. This gets you either 70% × 30% or 30% × 70%, both of which are 0.21. That’s only 84% of the expected 0.25. In general, longer sequences of heads or tails are too rare with this method (e.g. for four flips: 70% × 30% × 70% × 30% is 0.0441; only 70.56% of the expected 0.0625. The probability of 6 consecutive heads or tails is less than 60% of what it should be, etc.)


Good point about it not being random over sequences. Would be fun to find a method that would obey more constraints and requires fewer flips than TH, HT from the other comment.


As https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25531532 said look up arithmetic coding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_coding)

It’s not 100% the same, but understanding it should enable you to use the same idea for this problem.


Each individual flip is still unfair




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