My Dad's landline makes you press a digit before completing the call. So that exists already, and wish more would add this as a feature. I'm sure like anything, it could be defeated, if they had a system listening for the key to press. But it works for now.
To check the balance on a prepaid credit card I found on the ground (the modern equivalent of finding a $20 bill lol) I had to go through a prompt that said “press the number of the first digit of the following: eight, four, two”
So it works in some way for the CC companies at least.
I have a better suggestion - every phone call will involve a microtransaction (e.g. $0.01) from the caller to the recipient, even if not picked up. I want to see anyone make robocalls then.
"answer the following question to complete your call: if Sally has two eggs and Michael has one, how many do they both have?"