As another example, a SQL Server optimization per https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/set-n...:

> For stored procedures that contain several statements that don't return much actual data, or for procedures that contain Transact-SQL loops, setting SET NOCOUNT to ON can provide a significant performance boost, because network traffic is greatly reduced.

Rather I think their point is that since O(N) is really X * N, it's not the N that gets you, it's the X.

Right — the network database is also doing O(N) work to return O(N) results from one query but the multiplier is much lower because it doesn't include a network RTT.

...and the difference between "a fancy hash table" (in-process SQLite) and doing a network roundtrip is a few orders of magnitude.

IMO the page is concise and well written. I wouldn’t call it very elaborate.

Maybe the page could have been shorter, but not my much.

It's inline with what I perceive as the more informal tone of the sqlite documentation in general. It's slightly wordier but fun to read, and feels like the people who wrote it had a good time doing so.

It being so obvious, why is sqlite not the de facto standard?

No network, no write concurrency, no types to speak of... Where those things aren't needed, sqlite is the de facto standard. It's everywhere.

Perfect summary. I'll add: insane defaults that'll catch you unaware if you're not careful! Like foreign keys being opt-in; sure, it'll create 'em, but it won't enforce them by default!

Is it possible to fix some of these limitations by building DBMSes on top of SQLite, which might fix the sloppiness around types and foreign keys?

Using the API with discipline goes a long way.

Always send "pragma foreign_keys=on" first thing after opening the db.

Some of the types sloppiness can be worked around by declaring tables to be STRICT. You can also add CHECK constraints that a column value is consistent with the underlying representation of the type -- for instance, if you're storing ip addresses in a column of type BLOB, you can add a CHECK that the blob is either 4 or 16 bytes.

SQLite did add 'STRICT' tables for type enforcement.

Still doesn't have a huge variety of types though.

> The fact that they didn’t make STRICT default is really a shame.

SQLite makes strong backwards-compatibility guarantees. How many apps would be broken if an Android update suddenly defaulted its internal copy of SQLite to STRICT? Or if it decided to turn on foreign keys by default?

Those are rhetorical questions. Any non-0 percentage of affected applications adds up to a big number for software with SQLite's footprint.

Software pulling the proverbial rug out from under downstream developers by making incompatible changes is one of the unfortunate evils of software development, but the SQLite project makes every effort to ensure that SQLite doesn't do any rug-tugging.

I mean it has blob types. Which basically means you can implement any type you want. You can also trivially implement custom application functions to work on these blob types in your queries. [1]

- [1] https://sqlite.org/appfunc.html

Isn't SQLite a de facto standard? Seems like it to me. If I want an embedded SQL engine, it is the "nobody got fired for selecting" choice. A competitor needs to offer something very compelling to unseat it.

I think in the past it was more obvious. Rails switched to SQLite as the default somewhat recently

Yeah, that's the one prominent example but, like you said, also just rather recently. Since "the network is slow, duh" has always been true, I wonder why.

My guess would be that performance improvements (mostly hardware from Moore's law and the proliferation of SSDs, but also SQLite itself) have led to far fewer websites needing to run on more than 1 computer, and most are fine on a $5/month VPS

And stuff like https://litestream.io/ or SQLite adding STRICT mode

It took a lot: https://fractaledmind.com/2023/12/23/rubyconftw/ and https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39835496

I haven't investigated this so I might be behind the times, but last I checked remotely managing an SQLite database, or having some sort of dashboarding tool run management reporting queries and the likes, or make a Retool app for it, was very messy. The benefit of not being networked becomes a downside.

Maybe this has been solved though? Anybody here running a serious backend-heavy app with SQLite in production and can share? How do you remotely edit data, do analytics queries etc on production data?

My best answer so far is ssh and sqlite3 cli.

It is for use cases like local application storage, but it doesn't do well in (or isn't designed for) concurrent use cases like any networked services. SQLite is not like the other databases.

It's becoming so! Rails devs are starting to ship SQLite to production. It's not just for their main database either... it's replacing Redis for them, too.

Partly for the same reason it’s fast for small sites. In their words: “SQLite is not client/server”